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      <title>Linux 容器从 chroot 到 Docker 与 Podman - 交互式测验</title>
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    </head>
    <body>
      <div class="main-wrapper">
          <div class="quiz-container">
            <div class="quiz-header">
              <h1>Linux 容器从 chroot 到 Docker 与 Podman - 交互式测验</h1>
              <p>检验你对文档内容的理解程度</p>
            </div>
            <div id="quiz-content">
                <div class="quiz-body">
                    <div class="progress-bar">
                        <div id="progress-indicator"></div>
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                    <div id="question-container">
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                <div class="quiz-footer" id="quiz-footer">
                  <button id="prev-btn" class="nav-btn">上一题</button>
                  <button id="hint-btn" class="nav-btn" style="background-color: #ffc107; color: #333; box-shadow: 0 4px 12px rgba(255,193,7,0.3);">提示</button>
                  <button id="next-btn" class="nav-btn">下一题</button>
                </div>
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          </div>
      </div>

      <script>
        const quizData = [
  {
    "question": "根据文档，与依赖客户端/服务端架构的Docker相比，Podman最核心的架构特点是什么？",
    "options": [
      "Podman不支持多阶段构建镜像",
      "Podman采用无守护进程（daemonless）架构，直接与内核交互",
      "Podman无法运行从Docker Hub下载的镜像",
      "Podman必须在systemd环境下才能运行"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "文档中的对比表格明确指出，Docker采用客户端/服务端架构，依赖一个常驻后台的守护进程（daemon）。而Podman则采用无守护进程的架构，用户命令直接通过fork/exec模型创建和管理容器，这减少了单点故障的风险，并为Rootless模式提供了基础。",
    "source": "文档中「4.1 与 Docker 的核心差异」部分",
    "hint": "请查阅文档中对比Docker和Podman特性的表格，特别关注“架构”那一行的描述。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在Linux Namespace的多种隔离类型中，UTS Namespace的主要作用是什么？",
    "options": [
      "隔离进程ID，使容器内的进程拥有独立的PID 1",
      "隔离网络设备、IP地址和端口",
      "隔离主机名和域名，允许每个容器有自己的hostname",
      "隔离用户和用户组ID"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 2,
    "explanation": "UTS（UNIX Time-sharing System）Namespace用于隔离节点标识符，主要包括主机名（hostname）和NIS域名。这使得每个容器可以拥有一个独立的主机名，不会与宿主机或其他容器冲突。",
    "source": "文档中「2.1 Linux Namespace 的7种隔离维度」部分",
    "hint": "在Namespace的隔离维度表格中，找到'UTS'类型对应隔离的内容。"
  },
  {
    "question": "文档中提到的Cgroups（控制组）在容器技术中扮演的关键角色是什么？",
    "options": [
      "为容器提供独立的文件系统视图",
      "对容器可以使用的系统资源（如CPU、内存）进行限制和分配",
      "管理容器的镜像分层和存储",
      "隔离容器的网络协议栈，使其拥有独立的IP地址"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "Cgroups是Linux内核的一项功能，其核心作用是限制、记录和隔离进程组所使用的物理资源，如CPU时间、系统内存、网络带宽等。文档中的示例`echo 2G > .../memory.limit_in_bytes`正是利用Cgroups来限制Java应用的内存使用。",
    "source": "文档中「2.2 Cgroups：资源的精妙分配」部分",
    "hint": "思考文档中运行Java应用前，执行`cgcreate`和`echo`命令的目的是什么。"
  },
  {
    "question": "在“Java应用容器化实战”的Dockerfile示例中，采用多阶段构建（Multi-stage build）最主要的好处是什么？",
    "options": [
      "允许在一个镜像中同时运行开发和生产两个环境",
      "显著减小最终生产镜像的体积，因为它只包含运行时依赖，而不包含构建工具（如Maven）",
      "可以加快应用的编译速度",
      "自动为Java应用配置最佳的JVM参数"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "多阶段构建允许我们在一个Dockerfile中使用多个FROM指令。第一个阶段（AS build）使用包含完整构建工具链（如Maven和JDK）的镜像来编译和打包应用。第二个阶段则基于一个轻量级的运行时镜像（如jre-slim），仅从第一阶段拷贝出构建好的产物（JAR包）。这样，最终的生产镜像就不包含任何编译工具和源码，体积得以大幅减小。",
    "source": "文档中「3.2 Java应用容器化实战」部分",
    "hint": "观察Dockerfile中的两个`FROM`指令。思考为什么最终的镜像要基于`openjdk:11-jre-slim`，而不是包含构建工具的`maven:3.8-jdk-11`。"
  },
  {
    "question": "文档“性能优化技巧”中提到，为容器中的Java应用设置JVM参数`-XX:+UseContainerSupport`的主要目的是什么？",
    "options": [
      "让JVM能够正确识别并适配容器设置的CPU和内存限制",
      "开启分层编译，以缩短应用启动时间",
      "强制JVM使用Alpine Linux的内存分配器",
      "启用对Podman无守护进程模式的特殊支持"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 0,
    "explanation": "在容器环境下，如果没有这个参数（在较新的JDK版本中默认开启），JVM可能会根据物理主机的资源来设置其堆大小等参数，而不是根据容器被分配的资源限制。`-XX:+UseContainerSupport`参数能够让JVM正确地感知到自己运行在容器中，并根据Cgroups设置的内存和CPU限制来调整其内部配置，从而避免OOM等问题。",
    "source": "文档中「5.3 性能优化技巧」部分",
    "hint": "这个JVM参数的名称`UseContainerSupport`本身就强烈暗示了它的功能。"
  },
  {
    "question": "根据“容器安全三板斧”中的示例，Kubernetes的`NetworkPolicy`资源主要用于实现哪种安全控制？",
    "options": [
      "对Pod可以消耗的CPU和内存资源进行限制",
      "定义Pod之间的网络访问规则，实现网络隔离",
      "在容器启动前，扫描其基础镜像是否存在已知的安全漏洞",
      "为Pod提供安全的运行时环境，防止内核逃逸"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "`NetworkPolicy`是Kubernetes中用于实现网络层访问控制的API对象。通过定义策略，可以精确控制哪些Pod可以与哪些Pod通信。文档中的示例就展示了如何配置一个策略，只允许标签为`app: order-service`的Pod访问标签为`app: payment-service`的Pod，从而实现了服务间的网络隔离。",
    "source": "文档中「6.1 容器安全三板斧」部分",
    "hint": "分析YAML示例中的`ingress`（入站规则）和`podSelector`字段，思考它们组合起来定义了什么样的网络规则。"
  },
  {
    "question": "文档中提到的Podman支持的“Rootless”模式，为容器化带来了什么重要的安全优势？",
    "options": [
      "容器的启动速度比以root用户运行时更快",
      "允许普通用户创建和管理容器，即使容器被攻破，攻击者也仅获得普通用户权限，降低了对主机的风险",
      "容器不再需要根文件系统（rootfs），从而减小了镜像体积",
      "可以绕过内核的安全模块，如SELinux"
    ],
    "correctAnswerIndex": 1,
    "explanation": "Rootless模式允许非root用户运行容器。这意味着容器的整个生命周期管理都不需要特权。其最大的安全优势在于，万一容器内的应用存在漏洞被攻击者利用，攻击者获得的权限也只是该普通用户的权限，无法轻易地影响到宿主机系统或其他用户的进程，极大地缩小了攻击面。",
    "source": "文档中「4.1 与 Docker 的核心差异」与「4.2 Rootless 容器实战」部分",
    "hint": "思考“Rootless”这个词的字面意思——“无根”，这与系统中的哪种用户权限有关？"
  }
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            const wrongCount = answeredCount - correctCount;
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            const errorRate = totalQuestions > 0 ? Math.round((wrongCount / totalQuestions) * 100) : 0;

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                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>得分</h3>' +
                '<p>' + correctCount + ' / ' + totalQuestions + '</p>' +
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                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>正确率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + accuracy + '%</p>' +
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                '<div class="score-card">' +
                '<h3>错误率</h3>' +
                '<p>' + errorRate + '%</p>' +
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                '<div class="score-card score-details">' +
                '<table>' +
                '<tr><td>正确</td><td>' + correctCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>错误</td><td>' + wrongCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '<tr><td>未答</td><td>' + skippedCount + '</td></tr>' +
                '</table>' +
                '</div>' +
                '</div>' +
                '<div class="report-actions">' +
                '<button id="review-btn">回顾测验</button>' +
                '<button class="primary" onclick="location.reload()">再试一次</button>' +
                '</div>' +
                '</div>';

            let reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }
            quizContentEl.insertAdjacentHTML('beforeend', finalScoreHtml);
            document.getElementById('review-btn').addEventListener('click', reviewQuiz);
        }

        function reviewQuiz() {
            const reportEl = document.querySelector('.final-score-container');
            if (reportEl) {
                reportEl.remove();
            }

            document.querySelector('.quiz-body').style.display = 'block';
            document.getElementById('quiz-footer').style.display = 'flex';
            
            currentQuestionIndex = 0;
            loadQuestion();
            updateNavigationButtons(); // Ensure nav buttons are correctly displayed
        }

        // Event Delegation for options
        optionsListEl.addEventListener('click', (event) => {
            if (event.target && event.target.matches('li.option-item')) {
                // Check if the question has already been answered
                if (userAnswers[currentQuestionIndex] === null) {
                    const selectedIndex = parseInt(event.target.dataset.index, 10);
                    selectOption(selectedIndex);
                }
            }
        });

        prevBtn.addEventListener('click', goToPreviousQuestion);
        nextBtn.addEventListener('click', goToNextQuestion);
        hintBtn.addEventListener('click', showHint);
        
        // 初始加载
        loadQuestion();
      </script>
    </body>
    </html>
  